Bible Dictionary: P.   1840

PA'ARAI, [h] (opening), one of David's mighty captains, 2 Sam. 23:35, called Naarai, 1 Chron. 11:37. PACE, a step, a measure of about five feet, 2 Sam. 6:13. PACIFIED, made peaceful, as the death of the atrocious Haman, appeased the king's wrath, Est. 7:10. PACIFY, to satisfy so as to remove anger, Prov. 16:14. PA'DAN-A'RAM, (the field of Syria), the Hebrew name of Mesopo- tamia, Gen. 24:10; 25:20; 28:6. PADDLE, a small spade-like instru- ment, Deut. 23:13. PA'DON, [h] (his redemption), a chief of the Nethinims, Ezra 2:43, 44. PA'GIEL, (prayer of God), a prince of Asher, Num. 7:72-77. PA'HATH-MO'AB, [h] (the governor of Moab), a chief of a Jewish family among the captives, Ezra 2:6; Neh. 10:14. PAID, did pay, as a price, Jon. 1:3, or tithes, Heb. 7:9. PAIN, sensation of uneasiness, Job 14: 22: grief, Psal. 55:4: misery, Jer. 15: 18: fear, Ezek. 30:4: care and anxiety, Job 15:20: mortal humiliation, Acts 2: 24. PAINED, grieved, Isa. 23:5: put in pain, Rev. 12:2. PAINFUL, difficult or perplexing, Psal. 73:16. PAINFULNESS, laboriousness, 2 Cor. 11:27. PAINTED, coloured to beautify, 2 Kings 9:30; Jer. 22:14; Ezek. 23:40. PAINTING, colouring to beautify, Jer. 4:30. PAIR, a couple, Luke 2:24: a set, Rev. 6:5. PALACE, a royal dwelling, 1 Kings 16: 18; Dan. 5:1-5: a magnificent building, 2 Chron. 36:19.   Solomon's temple, as the residence of God, 1 Chron. 29: 1-19: a meeting place of the church, Psal. 48:3-13. PALE, whitish or deathly, Isa. 29: 22; Rev. 6:8. PALENESS, deathliness of countenance, Jer. 30:6. PAL'ESTINA, [h] (which is covered, or watered, or to bring ruin), Palestine, the land of Canaan, Exod. 15:14, Isa. 14: 29-31; but properly the country of the Philistines.   See PHILISTIA, CANAAN, and JUDEA. Jewish Palestine, the Land of Israel. PALM, the hollow of the hand, Lev. 14:15. PALM-BRANCHES, boughs of the palm- tree, Neh. 8:15. PALMER-WORM, a destructive species of caterpillar, Joel 1:4; 2:25. PALMS, the hands, 2 Kings 9:35: branches of the palm-tree, Rev. 7:9. PALM-TREE, a tall, fruit-bearing, sha- dowy tree, whose fruit is the date: it arrives at perfection in about thirty years, and thus continues about seventy years, bearing fifteen or twenty clusters of dates, each cluster weighing from fifteen to twenty pounds, Exod. 15:27. The palm-tree is held in great estimation by the inhabitants of Arabia, Egypt, and Persia, on account of its adaptation to various valuable purposes.   The Arabs celebrate its three hundred and sixty uses to which the different parts may be applied: they used the leaves for making ropes, sacks, mats, hats, sandals, and other things; and many people subsist almost entirely on its fruit.   Palm- branches were carried as tokens of vic- tory or joy, Lev. 23:40; John 12:13; and the beasty of this tree is made an emblem of the active virtues of a Chris- tian, Psal. 92:12. PALSY, a disease by which the limbs are paralyzed, deprived of motion or feeling, or both.   Grievous cases of palsy are common in eastern countries, and such were among the miraculous cures of our Saviour, Matt. 4:24; 8:6; 9:2; John 5:5-14. PAL'TI, [h] (deliverance or flight), one of the twelve spies sent by Moses to search the land of Canaan, Num. 13:9. PAL'TIEL, [h] (deliverance of God), the prime commissioner of Issachar, for dividing the land of Canaan, Num. 34: 26. PAMPHYL'IA, [g] (of every tribe), a hilly province of Asia Minor, having Cilicia on the east, Pisidia on the north, Lycia on the west, and the Mediterranean on the south.   Perga and Attalia were its chief cities, Acts 13:13; 14:24, 25. PAN, a vessel of iron or brass, for baking or boiling food, Lev. 2:5; 7:9. PANGS, extreme pains, Isa. 13:8. PANNAG, supposed to be myrrh, cassia, or balm, an article of commerce at Tyre, Ezek. 27:17. PANT, to beat, as the heart with anxiety or thirst, Psal. 41:1; or as the covetous with desire for wealth, Amos 2:7. PANTED, did pant, as the pious for the consolations of God, Psal. 42:1; or in apprehension of the Divine judgments in calamities, Isa. 21:4. PAPER, the material on which we write, 2 John 12; so called as made from the papyrus, or paper-reed of Egypt, Isa. 19:7. PAPER-REED (Cyperes papyrus of Lin- neus), the bulrush growing in Egypt, Isa. 19:7; Job 8:11: it grows to the height of eighteen feet, and in such quantities as to seem "a forest without branches, a thicket without leaves, a harvest of the waters, and an ornament of the marshes."   Writing-paper was made of the rind of this reed, which being esculent, it is scarcely surprising that the prophets should speak of books being eaten, Job 15:16; Ezek. 3:1; Rev. 10:10.   See BULRUSH. PA'PHOS, [g] (which boils, or is hot), a maritime city on the west of Cyprus, Acts 13:6-16: it is now a miserable village of about thirty huts, and called Baffa. PAPS, the [mastos] of the breasts, Luke 11:27: the breast, Rev. 1:13. PARABLE, a comparison or similitude, ingeniously and impressively represent- ing moral or religious truth, Matt. 13: 3, 10, 18, 23.   Jotham's parable is the most ancient on record, Judg. 9:7-15. Our Saviour's parables are most instruc- tive, Matt. 13:53, 54; and the following are the principal recorded :-- SUBJECT OF PARABLE. PLACE. RECORD. 1. Building on rock and sand Galilee . . . Matt. 7:24. 2. Blind leading the blind Do. Luke 6:39. 3. Two debtors Do. Luke 7:41. 4. Evil spirit returning Do. Matt. 12:43. 5. Sower and the seed Do. Matt. 13:3. 6. Tares in the field Do. Matt. 13:25. 7. Growth of seed Do. Mark 4:26. 8. Grain of mustard seed Do. Matt. 13:31. 9. Leaven in meal Do. Matt. 13:33. 10. Treasure hid in the field Do. Matt. 13:44. 11. Pearl of great price Do. Matt. 13:45. 12. Net cast into the sea Do. Matt. 13:47. 13. Good householder Do. Matt. 13:52. 14. Who need a physician Do. Matt. 9:12. 15. Bridegroom's attendants Do. Matt. 9:15. 16. New cloth on an old garment Do. Matt. 9:16. 17. New wine in old bottles Do. Matt. 9:17. 18. Bread of life Do. John 6:32. 19. What defiles a man Do. Matt. 15:11. 20. Lost sheep Do. Matt. 18:12. 21. The lord and unmerciful servant Do. Matt. 18:23. 22. Good Samaritan Jerusalem . . Luke 10:30. 23. Rich fool Galilee . . . Luke 12:16. 24. Lord and his servants Do. Luke 12:36. 25. Barren fig-tree Do. Luke 13:6. 26. Ambitious guests Do. Luke 14:7. 27. Great supper Do. Luke 14:16. 28. Hating father and mother Do. Luke 14:26. 29. Building a tower Do. Luke 14:28. 30. King going to war Do. Luke 14:31. 31. Lost sheep, with additions Do. Luke 15:3. 32. Lost piece of silver Do. Luke 15:8. 33. Prodigal son Do. Luke 15:11. 34. Unjust steward Do. Luke 16:1. 35. Rich man and Lazarus Do. Luke 16:19. SUBJECT OF PARABLE. PLACE. RECORD. 36. Master and servant Galilee . . . Luke 17:7. 37. Unjust judge and widow Jerusalem . . Luke 18:1. 38. Pharisee and publican Do. Luke 18:9. 39. Sheepfold Do. John 10:1. 40. Good shepherd Do. John 10:11. 41. Labourers in the vineyard Beyond Jordan Matt. 20:1 42. Ten pounds for trading Jericho . . . Luke 19:11. 43. Two sons Jerusalem . . Matt. 21:28. 44. Husbandmen and vineyard Do. Matt. 21:33. 45. Haughty builders Do. Matt. 21:42. 46. Marriage feast Do. Matt. 22:1. 47. Wedding garment Do. Matt. 22:11. 48. Budding of trees Do. Matt. 22:29. 49. Wicked servant Do. Matt. 24:44. 50. Ten virgins Do. Matt. 25:1. 51. Talents for trading Do. Matt. 25:14. 52. Sheep and goats Do. Matt. 25:31. 53. True vine Do. John 15:1. PAR'ADISE, Παραδεισος (a delightful gar- den or park): this word is found only in the New Testament, signifying the bliss- ful regions of Heaven, Luke 23:43; 2 Cor. 12:4; Rev. 2:7   The garden of Eden is commonly called Paradise, Gen. 2:8.   See EDEN. PARAMOUR, a lover, Ezek. 23:20. PA'RAN, [h] (beauty, glory, or ornament), a district of Arabia Petrea, south-east of Canaan, comprehending "the wilder- ness" of Kadesh and of Zin, in which the Israelites excamped thirty-eight years on their way from Egypt, Gen. 21:21; Num. 10:12; Hab. 3:3. PARCEL, a part or portion, as of land, Gen. 33:19; Ruth 4:3. PARCHED, scorched, as corn prepared for food, 1 Sam. 17:17: sun-burnt, as land, Isa. 35:7. PARCHMENT, skins of sheep or goats prepared for the writer: Paul refers to some parchments which probably con- tained some of the original copies of the sacred Scriptures, 2 Tim. 4:13. PARCHMENT.   List: Bibliology. PARDON, to forgive crimes, Exod. 34:9: to excuse a fault, 1 Sam. 15: 25.   God is ready to pardon, and He will abundantly pardon, the sins of men, through the infinitely precious propitia- tion of Christ, Isa. 53:5; 55:7; Rom. 3: 24-26.   See FORGIVENESS. PARDONED, forgiven, as transgressions of the law of God, Isa. 40:2; Num. 14:20. PARE, to cut round, as the nails, Deut. 21:12. PARENTS, fathers and mothers, Matt. 10:21; Heb. 11:23. PARENTS.   List: Biblical Counseling. PARLOUR, a chamber for repose or entertainment, Judg. 3:20-24. PAR'MENAS, Παρμενας (that is perma- nent), one of the seven Grecian deacons in the first Christian church, Acts 6:5. PART, a division, as of land, Exod. 19: 17: a share, 29:36: a portion, Lev. 2: 16; 7:33. PART, to divide, Lev. 2:6: to share, Psal. 22:18; Matt. 27:36. PARTAKER, a sharer of anything, Rom. 15:27.   Believers are partakers of Christ, by receiving the grace of his Spirit, and thus become heirs of the kingdom of God, Heb. 3:1-14; 1 Pet. 5:1. PARTED, did part or divide, 2 Kings 2:11-14; Acts 2:45. PARTED, separated, Luke 24:51. PARTH'IANS, [g] (horsemen), native Jews of Parthia, who had come to Jeru- salem to celebrate the feast of Pentecost, Acts 2:9.   Parthia was a country east of Media, and once a province of it; but it became an independent kingdom for about 500 years, until, about A.D. 226, it was reunited with Persia. PARTIAL, regarding only a part, Mal. 2:9. PARTIALITY, favour towards a party, 1 Tim. 5:21; Jam. 3:17. PARTICULAR, special or single, 1 Cor. 12:27; Eph. 5:33. PARTICULARLY, specially or singly, Acts 21:19; Heb. 9:5. PARTIES, persons concerned in differ- ent interests, Exod. 22:9. PARTING, a division or separation, Ezek. 21:21. PARTITION, a separation, 1 Kings 6: 21; Eph. 2:12. PARTLY, in part, Dan. 2:42; Heb. 10:33. PARTNER, a sharer, Prov. 29:24, especially in business, Luke 5:7-10: a colleague in service, 2 Cor. 8:23. PARTRIDGE (perdix petrosa, or the Bar- bary partridge), a mountain bird, some- what different from the game-bird so called in Europe, 1 Sam. 26:2; Jer. 17:11.   The Arabs pursue them till they are weary with flying, and then kill them with the hand as alluded to by David. PASH'UR, [h] (that extends the hole), a priest, governor of the temple at Jerusa- lem, and a bitter enemy of the prophet Jeremiah.   His awful doom was threat- ened by divine inspiration, Jer. 20:1-6. See MAGOR-MISSABIB. PASS, to go forward, as on a journey, Gen. 18:5: to happen, 41:32: to remove, Matt. 26:39: to occupy, 1 Pet. 1:17. PASSAGE, a road or way, 1 Sam. 13:23; 14:23: a ferry over a river, Josh. 22:11. PASSED, moved, Gen. 15:17: travelled, Josh. 24:17: exceeded, 2 Chron. 9: 22: advanced, Heb. 4:14. PASSENGER, a traveller, Prov. 9:15: Ezek. 39:11, 15. PASSING, traveling, Judg. 19:18: exceeding, 2 Sam. 1:26. PASSION, suffering and death; thus the word is used in reference to Christ, Acts 1:3. PASSIONS, emotions of the mind, as anger, love, zeal, &c., Acts 14:15; Jam. 5:17. PASSOVER, a feast of the Israelites, so called and kept, in commemoration of the destroying angel passing over the Israel- ites on the night of their deliverance from Egypt, Exod. 12:11-21; John 2: 13-23.   The term "Passover" is, in strict propriety of speech, applicable only to the meal of the paschal lamb, eaten on the fourteenth day of the month, after which, on the fifteenth day, commenced the feast of unleavened bread, for seven days, Exod. 12:6, 21; Lev. 23:5, 6; Josh. 5:10, 11; but the whole of both these festivals was afterwards included in the term as it is used in the New Testament, Luke 2:41-43; 22:1. PASSOVER, a title of Christ, given to indicate the benefit which we derive from Him as our Redeemer, 1 Cor. 5:7. PASSOVER, PREPARATION OF THE, John 19:14; Matt. 27:62, the [four- teenth, or day preceding the evening of the feast of unleavened bread: this, at the time of our Saviour's death, was the day which preceded the Sabbath.   Our Lord, therefore, ate the passover in the evening of the preparation after sunset, at the beginning of the fourteenth, in the night of which He was betrayed, early in the morning condemned, before noon]--Thomas Timpson. crucified, and in the evening buried, Luke 22.-23. PASSOVER, PREPARATION OF THE. File: JESUS' LAST WEEK UPON EARTH. PAST, properly passed, ended, Gen. 50: 4: formerly, Job 9:10: beyond, 2 Sam. 16:1. PASTOR, a shepherd, a title given to a religious instructor and guide of a con- gregation, in allusion to the office of a keeper of sheep, Jer. 17:16; 23:1, 2; Eph. 4:11.   See SHEPHERD. PASTORS, religious instructors, Jer. 2: 8; 23:1, 2: Christian ministers, bishops of congregations, Eph. 4:11. PASTORS.   List: Church Business. PASTURE, grass land on which cattle feed, Gen. 47:4; 1 Kings 4:23: need- ful provision for body and soul, John 10:9. PAT'ARA, [g] (which is trodden under foot), a sea-port of Lycia, on the Mediter- ranean, Acts 21:1. PATE, the upper part of the head, Psal. 7:16. PATH, a road or way, Num. 22:22: a course of life, Psal. 16:11; 27:11: Divine providence, 25:10; 65:11. PATH'ROS, [h] (mouthful of dew), Upper Egypt, sometimes regarded as Egypt pro- per, the original location of the first colonists, Jer. 44:1-15; Ezek. 29:14; 30:14. PATHRU'SIM, [h] (mouthful of dew), the fifth son of Mizraim, and great-grand- son of Noah: he is believed to have colonized the upper province of Egypt, called Pathros, Gen. 10:14. PATHWAY, a narrow road for travellers on foot: the more retired course of wis- dom and righteousness, Prov. 12:28. PATIENCE, endurance of evil or suffer- ing, Rom. 5:3: perseverance in duty, Jam. 5:7-10. PATIENT, calm under affliction or sor- row, Rom. 12:12. PATIENTLY, calmly, especially in afflic- tion, Psal. 37:7; 1 Pet. 2:20. PAT'MOS, [g] (mortal), a small rocky island, about twenty-five miles in circuit, in the Egean sea, to which John is sup- posed to have been banished, A.D. 94, by Domitian, emperor of Rome, and where he was inspired to write the book of Revelation, Rev. 1:9: it is a poor place, and called Patmo. PATRIARCH, the father, chief, or ruler of a large family, as David, Acts 2:29, or Abraham, Heb. 7:4; and the sons of Jacob are called "the twelve patriarchs," Acts 7:8, by way of distinction, as the ancestors of the several tribes of Israel. Mankind originally lived in societies under patriarchal authority and govern- ment; and many of the ancient patriarchs lived to an extraordinary age, as the means of conveying knowledge to man- kind; and thus the merciful purposes of God were answered in the transmission of his revealed will before the writing of the Holy Scriptures. PATRIARCHS, LIVES OF THE. LIVED YEARS. Adam . . . . 930 Seth . . . . . 912 Enos . . . . . 905 Cainan . . . . . 910 Mahalaleel . . . 895 Jared . . . . . 962 Enoch . . . . 365 Methuselah . . . . 969 Lamech . . . . 777 Noah . . . . . 950 Shem . . . . 600 Arphaxad . . . . 438 Salah . . . . 433 Eber . . . . . 464 Peleg . . . . 239 Reu . . . . . 239 Serug . . . . 230 Nahor . . . . . 148 Terah . . . . 205 Abraham . . . . 175 Isaac . . . . . 180 Jacob . . . . . 147 Joseph . . . . 110 PATRIMONY, goods possessed by inhe- ritance, Deut. 18:8. PATTERN, a model of an article of manufacture, Exod. 25:9, 40: an exam- ple, 1 Tim. 1:16; Tit. 2:7. PAUL, Παυλος (a worker), the Roman and common name of Saul the apostle: this eminent servant of Christ was a Hebrew by both parents, of the tribe of Benjamin: he was born at Tarsus in Cilicia, but finished his education under the celebrated doctor Gamaliel, at Jeru- salem.   On entering public life, Paul was a furious bigot for the Jewish forms of religion as observed by the Pharisees, and sought the death of the Christians by every possible means: yet Divine mercy was magnified in his conversion to Christianity, by the miraculous appear- ance and the [saving] grace of the Lord Jesus, Phil. 3:5, 6; Acts 9:1, 30.   Paul was a most exemplary, laborious, and successful minister of Christ for about thirty years, and his life and writings require a volume worthily to review them: he is believed to have died at Rome, a martyr for Christ, A.D. 67, by order of the monster Nero, the Roman emperor. PAUL, a Bible-believing Baptist missionary. List: Life of Paul & N. T. PAUL, THE EPISTLES OF. Epistle. Where written. For whose use. Date A.D.   1. Thessalonians I. Corinth. Gentile Christians . . . . 52   2. Thessalonians II. Do. Do. Do. .. 52   3. Galatians. Do. Do. Do. .. 53   4. Corinthians [I]. Ephesus. Do. Do. .. 57   5. Romans. Corinth. Do. Do. .. 58   6. Corinthians II. Macedonia. Do. Do. .. 60   7. Ephesians. Rome. Do. Do. .. 63   8. Philippians. Do. Do. Do. .. 63   9. Colossians. Do. Do. Do. .. 63 10. Philemon. Do. Philemon of Colosse . . . 62 11. Hebrews. Italy. Hebrew Christians . . . 63 12. Timothy I. Macedonia. Timothy the Evangelist . . 65 13. Titus. Do. Titus the Evangelist . . . 65 14. Timothy II. Rome. Timothy the Evangelist . . 66 PAU'LUS, Παυλος, the Latin form of the name Paul, the name of a Roman deputy of Cyprus, Acts 13:7.   See PAUL, and SERGIUS PAULUS. PAVED, laid with brick or flag-stone, as the floor of a court or hall, Exod. 24:10. PAVEMENT, the paved floor of a court, 2 Kings 16:17; 2 Chron. 7:3.   The floors of oriental princes were paved with the most costly marble or painted tiles, Est. 1:6. PAVEMENT, a court hall at Jerusalem; so called on account of its beautiful floor of tesselated pavement, John 19:13. PAVILION, a splendid tent, as of a king, 1 Kings 20:12; Jer. 43:10: the gracious protection of God, Psal. 27: 5; 31:20. PAW, the foot of a beast, 1 Sam. 17: 37. PAWETH, striking the feet as beasts, Job 39:21. PAY, to recompense as by the price of anything, Exod. 21:19, 22, 36: to give tribute or toll, Ezra 4:13: to discharge debts, Matt. 18:25-34: to fulfil a pro- mise or vow, Deut. 23:21. PAYMENT, the discharge of a debt, Matt. 18:25. PEACE, quietness or stillness; in a nation, it is public tranquillity, Lev. 26: 6: between kings, it is a respite from war, with friendly relations, 1 Kings 5: 12: in a family, it is harmony and love, Judg. 19:20: in a church, it is union of sentiment and affection, 2 Cor. 13:11. Peace in the soul is a fruit of the Holy Spirit, relieving the conscience of the true believer from guilt, and inspiring him with assurance of the favour of God, forgiveness of all sin, and hope of eternal glory through the propitiation of Christ, Gal. 5:22; Rom. 5:1-3.   Peace, as desired for the churches by the apostle in his epistles, means the possession of all spiritual consolations, Rom. 1:7; Col. 1:2. "Christ is our peace," as He has made peace by the blood of His cross, Eph. 2: 14-17, and given that blessing as a legacy to all believers, John 14:27. PEACEABLE, harmless, inoffensive, 1 Tim. 2:2; Jam. 3:17: quiet, Isa. 32: 18. PEACEABLY, in a friendly manner, Gen. 37:4: without contention, Judg. 11: 13. PEACEMAKER, one who reconciles per- sons alienated by differences, as between friends or neighbours, Matt. 5:9. PEACOCK, a large fowl, eminent for the beauty of its feathers: it is a native of India, and it formed an article of com- merce in the days of Solomon, 1 Kings 10:22. PEARL, a beautiful gem generated in a species of oyster, found especially in the Indian seas, on the coast of Scotland, and the gulf of Mexico.   The finest pearls are found near Baharen, in Arabia Felix, in the Persian gulf: they are roundish, with a rich polished gloss, white with an elegant blush of red: some are of great value.   A sceptre in the British regalia is tipped with a pearl that was once pawned to Holland for £18,000: Philip II. of Spain had one valued at 144,000 ducats, or £34,900.   Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, had one estimated at £80,000; and the Persian emperor is said to possess a pearl worth £100,000. Job 28:18; Matt. 13:45, 46; Rev. 21:21.   To "cast pearls before swine," is to offer the precious doctrines and pro- mises of the gospel to profane scoffers at religion, Matt. 7:6.   Divine truth in the gospel is the pearl of great price, 13:46; and the gates of the celestial city are represented as formed of inesti- mable pearls, Rev. 21:21. PECULIAR, special, Exod. 19:5: spe- cially devoted, Tit. 2:14; 1 Pet. 2:9. PED'AHZUR, [h] (saviour, or stone of redemption), a prince of Manasseh, Num. 1:10; 2:20; 7:54. PED'AHEL, [h] (redemption of God), a prince of Naphtali, and commissioner for dividing Canaan, Num. 32:28. PADAI'AH, [h] (redemption of the Lord), the maternal grandfather of king Jehoi- akim, 2 Kings 23:36. PEDAIAH, a son of king Jeconiah, 1 Chron. 3:18, 19. PEDIGREE, genealogy, family descent, Num. 1:18. PEELED, stripped of property or cloth- ing, as a tree of its bark, Isa. 18:2; Ezek. 29:18. PEEP, to look with affected wisdom, as the ancient soothsayers did, Isa. 8:19. PE'KAH, [h] (he that opens the eye, or that is at liberty), a wicked king of Israel: he had been Pekahiah's general before he slew his royal master, and usurped the throne, 2 Kings 15:25-38. PEKAHI'AH, [h] (the Lord that opens), a wicked king of Israel, who was murdered after a reign of two years, 2 Kings 15: 22, 23. PELAI'AH, (miracle, mystery, or secret of the Lord), a principal Levite at the return from Babylon, Neh. 8:7; 10:10. PELATI'AH, [h] (let the Lord deliver), a Simeonite captain, 1 Chron. 4:42, 43. PELATIAH, a prince of Judah, who opposed the counsel of Jeremiah, Jer. 36:14; Ezek. 11:1, 13. PE'LEG, [h] (division), one of the patri- archs, so named as he lived in the time of the confusion of languages at Babel, and the division of the families, Gen. 10: 25; 11:17-19. PE'LETHITES, [h] (judges or destroyers), royal messengers or guards of David, 2 Sam. 8:18, as the Cherethites were the royal executioners.   See CHERE- THITES. PELICAN, a large aquatic voracious bird, measuring nearly six feet from its bill to its tail, and from ten to twelve in the expanse of its wings: it lives upon fish, which it preserves for a time in a pouch under its bill, so large as to contain from two to three gallons of water; the rosy colour of its breast feathers occasioned the fable of the peli- can feeding its young with its own blood. Its solitary life is alluded to by the Psalmist, Psal. 102:6; Lev. 11:18. PEN, an instrument for writing, as pointed iron, a reed, or a quill, Job 19: 24; Isa. 8:1; Judg. 5:14.   Writing materials in the early ages were mostly hard substances, as stone, or metallic plates, which required an "iron pen," or rather a graving tool, as represented by the prophet, Jer. 17:1: wax tablets required a stylus of metal, having one end pointed for tracing the letters, and the other for smoothing the surface, flattened and broad.   The natives of Ceylon use a copper stylus several inches long, in their writing on the leaves of trees.   The reed pen is still used by the Arabs, Persians, Syrians, Abyssinians, and other orientals. PENCE, pennies, Luke 7:41; 10:35. See PENNY. PENI'EL, [h] or PENUEL (vision of God, or face of God), a place east of Jordan, near the brook Jabbok, where Jacob saw a vision of God, and prevailed in prayer for the Divine blessing, and had his name changed to Israel, Gen. 32:22-31. PENIN'NAH, [h] (pearl or precious stone), one of the wives of Elkanah, a woman of a vain and haughty spirit, 1 Sam. 1:2-6. PENITENT = Repentant. Tract: Repentance Illustrated. PENKNIFE, a small knife to cut pens, Jer. 36:23. PENNY, a Roman denarius, or Greek drachma, a coin worth about seven pence halfpenny sterling, Matt. 20:2, 13. Three hundred pence would, therefore, be £9. 7s. 6d., John 12:2-5. PENNYWORTH, the value of a penny: two hundred pennyworth would be equal to £6. 5s., Mark 6:37. PEN'TECOST, Πεντηκοστη (the fiftieth), a Greek name to the national festival of the Israelites, called the feast of weeks, held the fiftieth day after the second day of the passover, in thanksgiving for the blessings of harvest, and in grateful com- memoration of deliverance from Egyp- tian slavery, Lev. 23:15-21; Deut. 16: 9-12.   At this memorable Jewish festival, the apostles of Christ were qualified to execute their evangelical commission, they being enabled to understand the Scriptures, and to preach in all languages, by the miraculous endowments of the gifts and graces of the Holy Spirit, Acts 2:1; Eph. 4:8-12.   Learned men have observed, that it was the anniversary of the giving of the law to Israel on Sinai, Exod. 19:11. PENUEL.   See PENIEL. PENURY, poverty, Prov. 14:23; Luke 21:4. PEOPLE, a nation, Gen. 48:19; Exod. 6:7: the inhabitants of a town or coun- try, Gen. 19:4; 41:40: the ignorant inhabitants, Luke 23:14: irrational creatures of remarkable instinct, Prov. 30:25. PE'OR, [h] (hole or opening), a place in the country of Moab, where many Israel- ites were seduced to idolatry and various wickedness, by the atrocious counsel of Balaam, Num. 23:28; 25:1, 18. PERADVENTURE, if, Gen. 18:24-32: perhaps, Rom. 5:7. PERCEIVE, to understand, Deut. 29: 4: to discover, 2 Sam. 19:6; 1 John 3:16. PERCEIVED, discovered, Judg. 6:22; Acts 4:13; 23:6. PERCEIVING, observing, Mark 12:28: discovering, Acts 14:9. PERDITION, utter ruin, Rev. 17:8-11: everlasting condemnation or damnation, 2 Pet. 3:7. PERDITION.   File: Hell. PERDITION, SON OF, a title given to Judas Iscariot, on account of his awful crimes, John 17:12. PE'RES, [h] (he is divided), the singular of the word Pharsin, one of the myste- rious words which doomed the wicked Belshazzar.   The letter "U" is a prefix, answering to the English word "and," Dan. 5:28.   See UPHARSIN. PERFECT, full and correct, as weights or measures, according to the standard, Deut. 18:13: pure, as gold without alloy, 2 Chron. 4:21: without blemish, as an animal for sacrifice, Lev. 22:21: complete, as full information, Luke 1:3: upright with God and blameless with men, as a religious person, Gen. 6:9, Job 8:20: mature, as advanced Chris- tians, 1 Cor. 2:6; Eph. 4:13: knowledge and holiness without defect, as desired by Paul, Phil. 3:18: infinite in all ex- cellences, as God, whom we should imitate, Matt. 5:48. PERFECT, to complete, as in holiness, preservation, and salvation in Heaven, Psal. 138:8. PERFECTED, completed, as a building, 2 Chron. 8:16; 24:13: as the work of our Saviour's ministry, Luke 13:32: as the work of redemption by the sacri- fice of Christ, Heb. 10:14. PERFECTING, completing, as perse- vering in holiness, 2 Cor. 7:1; Eph. 4:12. PERFECTION, maturity, as of corn grown from seeds, Luke 8:14: or of knowledge and holiness in Christians, 2 Cor. 13:9; Heb. 6:1: absolute com- pleteness, Job 11:7: worldly riches and pleasures, Psal. 119:96. PERFECTLY, completely, Matt. 14:36: assuredly, 1 Thess. 5:1, 12. PERFECTNESS, completeness, Col. 3: 14. PERFORM, to fulfil, as work, or duty, Num. 4:23: as a promise, Gen. 26:3; Deut. 4:13; Matt. 5:21; Rom. 4:21. PERFORMANCE, fulfilment, Luke 1:45. PERFORMED, executed, 1 Sam. 15:11: fulfilled, Luke 1:20. PERFORMING, fulfilling, Num. 15:3. PERFUME, a preparation of spices, compounded to give a strong scent: useful in destroying injurious effluvia: Moses prescribed two kinds, one for anointing oil, Exod. 30:23-32, and the other for incense, ver. 34-38. PERFUMED, scented, Prov. 7:17, es- pecially honoured with precious oint- ments or spices, Dan. 2:46; Luke 7: 37-46; John 12:3. PER'GA, [g] (very earthy), a city of Pamphylia on the river Caystrus, near to which was a famous temple of Diana, Acts 13:14; 14:25. PER'GAMOS, [g] (height or elevation), a city of Asia Minor, famed for a temple to Esculapius, as the god of medicine, and for a library of 200,000 volumes, col- lected by its king, Attalus.   Pergamos is chiefly noted for its having one of the seven Christian churches to whom John addressed his epistles, Rev. 1:11; 2:12. This city is still a place of note, called Bergamo; having about 15,000 inhabit- ants, of whom not 2000 are professors of Christianity. PERHAPS, possibly, Acts 8:22: it may be, 2 Cor. 2:7. PERIL, great danger, Lam. 5:9; 2 Cor. 11:26. PERILOUS, dangerous, 2 Tim. 3:1. PERISH, to be destroyed, Exod. 21: 26; 2 Kings 9:8: to die, 1 Sam. 26: 10: to be damned, 1 Cor. 1:18; 2 Cor. 2:15. PERISHED, destroyed, Num. 16:33: become [ruined], 1 Cor. 15:18 [apollumi]. PERISHING, being destroyed, Job 33: 18. PER'IZZITES, [h] (dwellers in villages), a tribe of the ancient Canaanites, Gen. 13:7; 15:20; Judg. 3:5.   Some of this people remained till the time of Solomon, 2 Chron. 8:7. PERJURED, foresworn, 1 Tim. 1:10. PERMISSION, liberty granted, 1 Cor. 7:6. PERMIT, to allow without a command, 1 Cor. 16:7; Heb. 5:3. PERMITTED, allowed, Acts 26:1: customary, 1 Cor. 14:34. PERNICIOUS, destructive, 2 Pet. 2:2. PERPETUAL, enduring to the end of time, Gen. 9:12: during a dispensation, Exod. 29:9; 30:8: a period decreed, Jer. 25:9-12. PERPETUALLY, constantly, 1 Kings 9: 3. PERPLEXED, agitated with conflicting anxieties, Est. 3:15; Luke 9:7. PERPLEXITY, anxiety of mind, Isa. 22:5; Luke 21:25. PERSECUTE, to pursue with threaten- ing, to distress, Job 19:22; Psal. 32: 3; Matt. 5:11. PERSECUTED, did threaten and injure, Acts 7:52; Gal. 1:13: did distress, Deut. 30:7: did provoke, Gal. 4:29. PERSECUTING, injuring, destroying, Phil. 3:6. PERSECUTION, injury by severities or privations, especially on account of reli- gion, Acts 8:1; 2 Tim. 2:12.   The Acts of the Apostles and Church History generally, detail the persecutions endured by Christians. PERSECUTION of Bible-believers. Booklet: "The Trail of Blood". . . . PERSECUTORS, enemies of the godly, seeking their injury, Jer. 15:15; Lam. 4:19. PERSEVERANCE, constancy in progress, Eph. 6:18. PER'SIA, [h] (that cuts or divides, or a horseman), a large country of Asia, origi- nally called Elam, from a son of Shem, Gen. 10:22; 14:1.   It was bounded on the east by the river Indus, on the north by Media, on the west by Assyria, and on the south by the Persian gulf and Arabian sea.   Cyrus, the conqueror of Babylon, raised Persia to its highest glory, and gave freedom to the Jews, 2 Chron. 37:20-23.   Persia was con- quered by Alexander the Great, Dan. 8:20, 21; 11:2, and various has been its subsequent history: it now is a feeble monarchy, whose sovereign is called Shah, or Sophi; and the established religion is the Moh_mmedan, of a pecu- liar sect, differing from that called ortho- dox by the Turks. PERSIAN BIBLE.   List: Ministry. PERSIANS, the people of Persia, Dan. 6:8. PERSIS, a Persian, a zealous matron of the Christian church at Rome, Rom. 16: 12. PERSON, a particular individual, Gen. 14:21; 1 Sam. 9:2: rank or condition of any one, Luke 20:21; Acts 10:34: name or authority, 2 Cor. 2:10. PERSUADE, to influence, 1 Kings 22: 20-22; Matt. 28:14. PERSUADED, did persuade, 2 Chron. 18:2: did exhort, Acts 13:43. PERSUADED, influenced, Acts 19:2: convinced, Luke 16:31; 20:6: assured, 2 Tim. 1:12. PERSUADING, exhorting, Acts 19:8; 28:23. PERSUASION, opinion, Gal. 5:8. PERTAIN, to belong, 2 Pet. 1:3; Heb. 7:13. PERTAINED, belonged, Num. 31:43. PERTAINING, relating, Acts 1:3; Heb. 5:1. PERVERSE, stubborn, obstinate in wrong, Num. 22:32. PERVERSELY, spitefully, 2 Sam. 19: 19. PERVERSENESS, obstinate wickedness, Ezek. 9:9. PERVERT, to corrupt, Exod. 23:8; Deut. 27:19; Gal. 1:7. PERVERTED, violated or corrupted, 1 Sam. 8:3. PESTILENCE, the plague, a contagious disorder, still common in Asia and Africa, Exod. 5:3; 9:15; 2 Sam. 24:13-15. PESTILENT, malignant or destructive, Acts 24:5. PESTLE, an instrument to bruise in a mortar, Prov. 27:22. PE'TER, Πετρος (a stone).   Cephas or Peter is the surname given by our Saviour to His apostle Simon.   Before his call to the ministry he was a fisher- man of Bethsaida, John 1:42-44.   Peter was a man of peculiar energy of mind; and although, as a fisherman, his manners were coarse and his language profane, as is concluded from his behaviour when tempted to deny his Lord, Mark 26: 74, he became renovated in heart and life, and enjoyed the special regard of Christ; and his character and labours beautifully illustrate the power and holi- ness of Christianity, Acts 1:15; 3. 4. 5. 8. 10. 12.   Rom. Cat.s say that Peter was the first bis. of Rome, and resided there for twenty-five years, until his martyrdom under Nero, about A.D. 65 or 66.   Peter was the "apostle of the circumcision," and no evidence is found in Scripture that he ever was at Rome, much less a Christian pastor in that city, and no historical evidence exists of Peter being bishop of the Christians at Rome. PETER.   Paper: THE TWELVE. PETER, FIRST EPISTLE OF: this epis- tle appears to have been written about A.D. 64, to the Jewish Christians, who had been scattered by persecution, and designed for their instruction in the pre- cious doctrines of the gospel, consoling them with the prospect of a glorious immortality, and animating them in the practice of every virtue, as the redeemed children of God.   List: Commentary. PETER, SECOND EPISTLE OF: this was addressed to the same persons as the first epistle, and written about a year after it, when Peter was anticipating martyrdom: it urges believers to main- tain the doctrines of Christ against false teachers, and to adorn their holy profes- sion, in the prospect of witnessing dis- solving nature at the awful manifestation of God our Saviour.   List: Commentary. PE'THOR, [h] (a divine oracle), the residence of the false prophet Balaam, near the river Euphrates, Num. 22:5; Deut. 23:4. PETITION, a prayer, 1 Sam. 1:17-27; 1 John 5:15: a request, 1 Kings 2:16-20. PHAL'LU, [h] (admirable or hidden), a son of Reuben, and head of a family in Israel, Gen. 46:9; Num. 26:5. PHAL'TI, [h] (deliverance or flight), a courtier to whom king Saul had married his daughter Michal, after he had taken her from David, her husband, 1 Sam. 25: 44; 2 Sam. 3:15. PHA'NUEL, [g] (face or vision of God), the father of the pious widow and prophetess Anna, Luke 2:36. PHA'RAOH, [h] (the revenger, the de- stroyer, the king, or the crocodile), in the Syriac, a common name of the kings of Egypt; but originally an Egyptian word for king, as king Hophra, Jer. 44:30: several of this name are mentioned in Scripture, as-- 1. PHARAOH who reigned when Abra- ham went down into Egypt, Gen. 12: 10, 20. 2. PHARAOH who honoured Joseph as the preserver and father of Egypt, Gen. 39:1; 48:1. 3. PHARAOH, probably Ramses, who oppressed the Israelites at the birth of Moses, Exod. 1. 2. 4. PHARAOH, probably Amenophis, who, after being compelled to allow the Israel- ites to leave Egypt, perished in the Red sea, Exod. 3. 15.: it is almost certain that this was another Pharaoh, as his death happened when Moses was eighty years of age, Acts 7:23; Deut. 34:7. 5. PHARAOH, who protected Hadad the Edomite, in the early part of the reign of David, 1 Kings 11:19-21; 2 Sam. 8:3-14. 6. PHARAOH, probably Vaphres, [or] Osochos, who gave his daughter in mar- riage to king Solomon, 1 Kings 3:1; 9: 16. 7. PHARAOH SHISHAK, who besieged Jerusalem, and pillaged the temple of Solomon, in the fifth year of Rehoboam, 1 Kings 11:40; 14:25; 2 Chron. 12: 2, 9. 8. PHARAOH SO, who was in alliance with Hoshea, king of Israel, 2 Kings 17:4. 9. PHARAOH TIRHAKAH, who was in alliance with king Hezekiah, 2 Kings 18:21; Isa. 37:9. 10. PHARAOH NECHO, who slew king Josiah, 2 Kings 23:29-35; 2 Chron. 35:20-22. 11. PHARAOH HOPHRA, who entered into an alliance with Zedekiah, king of Judah, against Nebuchadnezzar, Jer. 44:30; Ezek. 29.; 30.; 31.; 32. PHA'REZ, [h] (breach or rupture), a son of Judah by Tamar, the twin brother of Zarah, Gen. 38:29. PHARISEES, a denomination which formed one of the two principal sects in religion, into which the Jews were divided in the time of our Saviour, Acts 23: 5-9: they were the chief body of the Jewish professors for more than a century before the birth of Christ: they derived their name from [h] perushim, or sepa- rated from others; and were remarkably precise in their observance of ceremo- nies, especially those prescribed by the elders in their traditions, generally re- garding their precepts more than the Di- vine institutions in the Scriptures.   They were proud, therefore, of their religious attainments, supposing that they merited the favour of God, haughtily despising the common people, as ignorant and ac- cursed.   They deluded the people by their pretences to sanctity and their corrupt interpretation of the Scriptures: hence our Lord manifested remarkable severity in his denunciation against the Pharisees, as full of hypocrisy and awfully guilty, less likely than the publicans and harlots to enter the kingdom of God, Matt. 15: 1-14; 23:2; John 7:45-49. PHAR'PAR, [h] (that produces fruit, or the fall of a bull), a river of Damascus, 2 Kings 5:12.   See ABANA. PHE'BE, Φοιβη (shining, or pure), an opulent matron at Cenchrea, Rom. 16: 1, 2.   Some regard her as a "deaconess," appointed to attend to strangers and the church's poor.   "And such," Dr. Gill remarks, "was this woman to the poor saints at Cenchrea, not as being in such office by the order and appointment of the church, but what she took upon her- self, and performed at her own expense, which deserved much notice, as worthy of commendation.   The apostle partook of her succour, which would hardly have been the case had she been one that had only the care of the poor sisters of the church, which was the office of a dea- coness, but she being a rich and generous woman, and the apostle having shared in her bounty, gratefully acknowledged it, as knowing it would endear her to the saints at Rome."   Phebe appears to have taken a journey to that metropolis of the world on business, and to have been intrusted with the "Epistle of the Romans," an honour far greater than that of any ambassador, carrying the most important document to the noblest city, from the most distinguished of the Roman Cæsars. PHENI'CE, [g] (red or purple), a har- bour on the south-west of Crete, Acts 11:20; 21:2. PHENI'CIA, [g], the territories of Tyre and Sidon, a country on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean sea, on the north-west of Canaan, and south of Syria. Tyre, Sidon, and Ptolemais, were its principal cities, and the Phenicians are celebrated for navigation and commerce, Acts 15:3.   A woman of this country is called a Syro-phenician, as it had become in her time a Roman colony of Syria, Mark 7:24-26.   See SYRO-PHENICIAN and TYRE. PHILADEL'PHIA, Φιλαδελφια (love of a brother), a city of Lydia, chiefly famous as the site of one of the "seven churches in Asia" Minor, addressed by the apostle John, Rev. 1:11; 3:25.   Philadelphia still exists, called by the Turks All_h- shehr, or the city of God: it has about 3000 houses, of which about 250 are occu- pied by Greeks, who have five churches, bearing the name of Christian, besides twenty old or small ones, which are not used: it is the seat of a Greek arch- bishop, with about twenty inferior clergy. PHI'CHOL, [h] (the mouth of all), the chief general of king Abimelech, Gen. 21:22; 26:26. PHILE'MON, Φιλημων (that kisses, or is affectionate), a citizen of note at Colosse, and an [important] Christian, at whose house the church assembled for worship, Phil. 2.   Philemon held office in the church as a deacon or bishop, with Archippus and Epaphras, Col. 1:7; 4:17; Phil. 1, 2. PHILEMON, THE EPISTLE TO: this was addressed by Paul to Philemon, on the return of Onesimus his slave, who had absconded from him, and by the apostle's ministry had been converted at Rome: it has always been admired as a fine specimen of Christian letter-writing. List: Commentary. PHILE'TUS, Φιλητος (amiable or beloved), a professor of Christianity of some note, probably a teacher, who had corrupted the doctrine of the resurrection, 2 Tim. 2:16-18. PHIL'IP, Φιλιππος (a lover of a horse), an apostle of Christ, John 1:43-45: although there is but little recorded of Philip, he appears to have been a man of great piety and modesty, Matt. 10:3; John 12: 21, 22; 14:9. PHILIP.   Paper: THE TWELVE. PHILIP, one of the seven Grecian deacons in the church at Jerusalem, Acts 6:5: he became an [important] preacher of the gospel after the persecution about Stephen, 8:1, 5, 13, 26; and hence he was known as "the Evangelist," residing chiefly at Cesarea, ver. 40, 21:8. PHILIP, a son of Herod the Great, by his wife Cleopatra.   On the death of his father he became tetrarch of Iturea and Trachonitis, Luke 3:1.   He married Salome, the daughter of Herodias, who procured the murder of John, Matt. 14: 1, 12. PHILIP, or HEROD, as he is called by Josephus, was also son of Herod the Great by his wife Mariamne, and the husband of Herodias: but living in retire- ment, he was abandoned by his wicked wife, she being ambitious of the crown and the palace of Herod Antipas, Matt. 14:3, 4. PHILIP'PI, Φιλιπποι, a city of Macedo- nia, and a Roman colony: its original name was Dathos, but changed after being enlarged by Philip, father of Alex- ander the Great: it was seventy miles from Thessalonica, and famous for the defeat of the Roman generals Brutus and Cassius, when struggling for liberty against Octavius and Antony, but still more so for its Christian church, the fruit of the ministry of the apostle Paul, Acts 16:12, 40. PHILIPPIANS, THE EPISTLE TO: this epistle was written by Paul in return for the contribution of the church at Philippi, sent to him while a prisoner at Rome: it was designed to establish the saints in their belief of the sublime and saving doctrines of Christ, to guard them against the error of false teachers, and to encourage them in all holiness of life. List: Commentary. PHILIS'TIA, [h] or PALESTINE, the southern part of Canaan along the east coast of the Mediterranean, from Joppa to the border of Egypt: their principal cities were Ashdod, Gaza, Askelon, Gath, and Ekron, Psal. 60:8; 87:4; 108: 9; 1 Sam. 6:17.   See PALESTINE. PHILISTIA, the Land of Israel. PHILIS'TINES, [h] (dwellers in villa- ges), a famous people of Canaan, descended from Mizraim, by his son Casluhim, after they had colonized Egypt, Gen. 10: 13, 14: they were a powerful people in the time of Abraham, Gen. 21:34; and under five lords of their chief cities, Josh. 13:2, 3, they maintained their position to the time of Saul and David, 1 Sam. 4. 5. 6. 19.; 2 Sam. 5:17-25, and continued a distinct people until the time of Alexander the Great. PHILOSOPHERS, lovers of wisdom: this is the proper meaning of the word, but it is applied by Luke to certain men who made such a profession at Athens, who yet opposed the apostle Paul in preaching the doctrines of Christianity.   There were various sects of philosophers among the Greeks, some of whom are mentioned in the New Testament as Epicureans and Stoics, Acts 17:18. PHILOSOPHY, the love of wisdom. Paul admonishes the Colossian Christians, "Beware lest any man spoil you through philosophy," Col. 2:8: but he meant that of the popular philosophers of Greece, who inculcated the most absurd, contra- dictory, and pernicious doctrines under this ven. name.   Pagan philosophy, as taught by those proud professors of wisdom, is affectingly illustrated by the apostle in his Epistles to the Romans and the Corinthians, Rom. 1:18-25; 1 Cor. 1:18-25.   Philosophy, in reality, embraces every science which can enrich and ennoble the human mind: that branch which relates to God is called Theology; that which regards the external world is called Physics, or Natural Philosophy; that which contemplates men, regards, either the mind, and is called Mental or Intellectual Philosophy, including Logic; and that which relates to manners or human duty, Moral Philosophy. PHILOSOPHY.   Lists: Philosophy of Christian Education & Systematic Theology. Philosophy, Pagan.   List: Humanism. PHILOL'OGUS, Φιλολογος (a lover of the word or of learning), a Christian in the Roman church, Rom. 16:15. PHIN'EHAS, [h] (a bold countenance, or face of protection), a son of Eleazar the son of Aaron, Exod. 6:25: he was an upright man and zealous for God, and succeeded his father, as the third high- priest of Israel, Num. 25:11; Judg. 20: 28. PHINEHAS, one of the wicked sons of Eli, the high-priest, 1 Sam. 1:3; 2:34. PHLE'GON, Φλεγων (zealous or burning), a Christian at Rome, Rom. 16:14. PHRYG'IA, Φρυγια (dry or barren), the largest province, and in the centre, of Asia Minor, having Bythinia and Gala- tia on the north, Cappadocia on the east, Lysia, Pisidia, and Isauria, on the south, and Mysia, Lydia, and Caria, on the west. Colosse, Hierapolis, and Laodicea, were its chief cities, Acts 16:6; 18:23. PHU'RAH, [h] (that bears fruit), the ser- vant of Gideon, Judg. 7:10, 11. PHUT, [h] (prayer, or big, or fat), the third son of Ham, Gen. 10:6. PHY'GELLUS, [g] (fugitive), a pro- fessed convert to Christianity, who for- sook the apostle Paul, 2 Tim. 1:15. PHYLACTERIES, things to be observed: they were texts of Scriptures written on slips of parchment, to be worn on the hem of the garment, on the forehead, or on the arm: those for the latter were rolled up in a case or box: the custom was founded on the language of Moses, Exod. 13:9, 16; Num. 15:37, 40; which enjoins an intimate practical acquaint- ance with the law of God.   The texts commonly used were, Exod. 13:8, 9, 14, 16; Num. 15:41; Deut. 6:6, 9; 11:18, 21.   Our Lord censures the hypocritical Pharisees for their vain glory in their phylacteries, Matt. 23:5.   See FRONT- LETS. PHYSICIAN, one who professes the art of healing, Matt. 9:12; Mark 5:26: an embalmer of dead bodies, Gen. 50:2: a teacher of divine doctrine to heal the mind, Job 13:40.   Christ is the great Physician of body and soul, Mark 2:17. PICK, to peck or eat slowly, Prov. 30: 17. PICTURES, paintings, Isa. 2:16: those of the Canaanites were to be destroyed, being used to support idolatry, Num. 33:32. PIECE, a part, Gen. 15:10-17: a piece of silver was a shekel, Matt. 17:27: a piece of bread denotes a trifling advan- tage, Gen. 37:28; 1 Sam. 2:36. PIERCE, to bore through, Judg. 5:26: to pain extremely, Luke 2:35; 1 Tim. 6: 10. PIERCED, did pierce, John 19:34: pained with guilt and care, 1 Tim. 6:10. PIERCING, stinging or biting, Isa. 27:1: penetrating, Heb. 4:12. PIETY, filial duty in the fear of God, 1 Tim. 5:4. PIGEON, a name for birds of the Columbidæ, or dove family, of which there are many species: the turtle-dove is especially remarkable in every country, Gen. 15:9; Lev. 1:14; 5:7. PI-HAHI'ROTH, [h] (the mouth of liberty, or the pass of Hiroth), the place at which the Israelites encamped to march across the Red sea, Exod. 14:2; Num. 33:7. PI'LATE, [g] (who is armed with a dart), the Roman governor of Judea, who basely ordered the crucifixion of Christ, to satisfy the malignity of the Jews, Luke 3:1; John 19:8-19; Acts 3:13.   Pilate had been governor of Judea about four years: he is not again mentioned in the Scriptures, but history records his terminating his own life in exile, after a series of wickedness and miseries, which indicate the retribution of God. PILE, a heap, Isa. 30:33. PILGRIMAGE, a religious journey; the course of our present life in the service of God: Jacob spake thus of his own life and of his fathers', Gen. 47:9: such was that of the patriarchs, Exod. 6:14. PILGRIMS, travellers to a sacred place; as the pious patriarchs confessed them- selves in seeking the heavenly country graciously promised of God, Heb. 11:13. PILLAR, a prop to support the roof of a house, Judg. 16:25, 29: a monumental memorial, Gen. 35:20; 2 Sam. 18: 18: an influential person in a society, as a prophet, Jer. 1:18: an apostle, Gal. 2: 9: the [N. T.] church, in holding forth the ex- clusive authority of the Scriptures, 1 Tim. 3:15. PILLAR OF SALT: Lot's wife became a pillar of salt, at the overthrow of Sodom, when God "rained... brimstone and fire...out of heaven[,]" Gen. 19:[24-25], 26. It appears that she, looking back upon the devoted city with a lingering desire to return, was struck dead with the lightning, and stiffened in the place where she stood.   See SALT. PILLED, peeled or stripped, as bark from a tree, Gen. 30:37. PILLOW, a cushion on which to rest the head for sleeping, Mark 4:38; 1 Sam. 19:13: an instrument of deceitful repose, Ezek. 13:18-30. PILOT, the director of a ship's course[,] Ezek. 27:8. PIN, a small wire peg used in dressing, or in fastening curtains, Judg. 16:14; Exod. 27:19. PINE, to waste, as by want, sorrow, or sickness, Lev. 26:39; Lam. 4:9. PINE, the pine-tree, Neh. 8:15. PINE-TREE, a species of the fir, lofty and beautiful in appearance, Isa. 41: 19; 9:13. PINING, wasting or consuming, Isa. 38:12. PINNACLE, a turret or decorated point on the top of a building: the pinnacle of the temple was the exceedingly lofty embattled roof of Solomon's porch, Matt. 4:5. PI'NON, [h] (pearl or gem), an Arab chief, descended from Esau, Gen. 36: 41. PIPE, a tube for the conveyance of water or oil, Zech. 4:2, 12: a musical instrument formed from a tube, 1 Cor. 14:7; 1 Kings 1:40. PIPED, did pipe or play music with pipes, 1 Kings 1:10. PIPER, a musician using a pipe, as the instrument of his music, Rev. 18:22. PI'RAM, [h] (wild asses, or fierceness), a king of Jarmuth overcome by Joshua, Josh. 10:3, 24, 26. PIS'GAH, [h] (eminence or fortress), the highest point of mount Nebo, from which Balaam beheld Israel, Num. 23:14, and Moses viewed the land of Canaan, Deut. 3:27; 34:1. PISI'DIA, [g] (pitch or pitchy), a province of Asia Minor, having Phrygia on the east and north, Lydia and Caria on the west, and Pamphylia on the south; its chief city was Antioch, Acts 13:14: it is now called Natolia. PI'SON, [h] (extension of the mouth), one of the four rivers of Eden: some regard it as a branch of the existing Euphrates, which bounds Havilah in Arabia, Gen. 2:11, 12. PIT, a hole in the ground, Exod. 21: 31: the grave, Psal. 28:1: distress, 42:2: Hell, Rev. 20:1. PIT, Rev. 9:1, 2.   Tract: Hell. PITCH, bitumen, a combustible mine- ral tar, Gen. 6:16: in its liquid state it is called naphtha, when viscid, petroleum, and when hard, asphaltam.   The Greeks call it asphaltos; hence the name of Asphaltites given to the sea of Sodom, on account of abundance of it floating on its surface: pits of it were found near to Sodom and in Shinar; but the word is rendered slime, Gen. 11:3; 14: 10.   This production was used by the builders of Babel, and large masses have been found in the ruins of Babylon: it is now used in boat-building and in careening ships by the Arabs. PITCH, to plaster or cover with slime or pitch, Gen. 6:14; Exod. 2:3: to fix or fasten, as a tent, Isa. 13:20: to settle, as in a camp, Num. 1:52. PITCHED, did fix, as a tent, Gen. 12: 8; or a camp, Exod. 17:1. PITCHER, an earthen vessel for water, Gen. 24:15, 45: the vena cava supe- rior, one of the two great veins, which bring back the blood into the auricle of the heart, Eccles. 12:6. PI'THOM, [h] (their mouth, or dilation of the mouth), a store city of Egypt, built by the captive Israelites, Exod. 1:11. PI'THON, [h] (his mouth), a descendant of king Saul, 1 Chron. 8:35. PITIED, compassionated, Psal. 106:46. PITIFUL, compassionate, disposed to show mercy, Lam. 4:10. PITY, tender sympathy with those in distress, Deut. 7:16; Job 19:21. PITY, to compassionate those in dis- tress, Prov. 28:8. PLACE, a spot of ground, Gen. 13:14; Deut. 11:24: a habitation, Gen. 30:25: a city or country, 18:24-26: situation or office, 2 Chron. 30:16: opportunity or advantage, Eph. 4:27: room or stead, Gen. 50:19: entertainment, John 8:37: a text, Acts 8:32. PLACE, to appoint, Exod. 18:21: to reveal, Isa. 46:13: to establish, Ezek. 37:14. PLAGUE, a pestilence, Num. 16:46-49: a mortal disease, as the leprosy, Lev. 13: 3, 44. PLAGUE, to distress or afflict, Psal. 89:23. PLAGUED, did plague or distress, Gen. 12:17; Josh. 24:35. PLAIN, smooth or level, Isa. 40:4: sincere or unostentatious, Gen. 25:27: evident, Psal. 27:11: distinctly, Mark 7:35. PLAIN, a flat open country, Gen. 11:2: plains are extensive tracts of meadow land, sometimes near to rivers, especially those on the banks of the Jordan, Gen. 13:10; Num. 22:1; 2 Kings 25:4. PLAINLY, legibly, Deut. 27:8: ex- plicitly, Exod. 21:5: evidently, Heb. 11:14. PLAINNESS, fulness of meaning, 2 Cor. 3:12. PLAISTER, a plaster, Isa. 38:21: cement on a wall, Dan. 5:5. PLAISTER, to cover, as walls with cement, Lev. 14:42. PLAISTERED, covered with plaster, Lev. 14:43. PLAITING, braiding, 1 Pet. 3:3. PLANES, carpenters' instruments for smoothing articles of wood-work, Isa. 44:13. PLANETS, wandering stars, 2 Kings 23:5.   See STARS. PLANKS, thick boards, 1 Kings 6:15; Ezek. 41:25. PLANT, a herb or tree, Gen. 2:5: a sapling, Job 14:9: a form of religion, Matt. 15:13. PLANT, to set trees or herbs, Deut. 16:21: to locate, settle, or establish a people, as Israel in Canaan, Exod. 15: 17; Psal. 44:2: to establish in a reli- gious society, 2 Sam. 7:10: to establish gospel privileges among a people, 1 Cor. 3:7, 8. PLANTATION, land cultivated and planted with trees, Ezek. 17:7. PLANTED, did set in the ground, as trees for a garden, Gen. 2:8, or vineyard, Matt. 21:33. PLANTED, set, as a tree in a garden, Luke 13:6: established in religious society, Rom. 6:5; Psal. 92:13. PLANTING, fixing or establishing, as in religious society, Isa. 60:21; 61:3. PLANTING, Church.   Lists: Missions History/Techniques & New Testament Church. PLAT, a piece of land, as a field, 2 Kings 9:20. PLATE, a piece of beaten metal, as gold or silver, Exod. 28:36; Jer. 10:9. PLATTED, weaved or braided, Matt. 27:29. PLATTER, a large earthen dish or wooden trencher, Matt. 23:25. PLAY, to sport or frolic, Exod. 32: 6: to act, 1 Sam. 21:15: to perform, as on music, 1 Sam. 16:16, 17. PLAYED, acted, 1 Sam. 26:21: per- formed, as music, 2 Sam. 6:5. PLAYER, one who plays, as on a musi- cal instrument, 1 Sam. 16:16. PLAYING, sporting, Zech. 8:5: per- forming music, 1 Sam. 16:18. PLEA, argument, or a cause in judg- ment, Deut. 17:8. PLEAD, to argue, Judg. 6:31, 32: to reason, Isa. 43:26: to punish, Ezek. 38:22. PLEADED, did plead or defend, 1 Sam. 25:39. PLEADING, reasoning, Job 13:6. PLEASANT, agreeable, Gen. 2:9: beau- tiful, 2 Kings 2:19: delightful, Psal. 16:6. PLEASANTNESS, what is delightful and satisfying, Prov. 3:17. PLEASE, to delight or to be agreeable, according to the disposition of men: as, to delight the benevolent, Gen. 45:16: to satisfy the wise, Josh. 22:30: to flatter the vain, Gal. 1:10: to gratify the malignant, Acts 12:3.   Christ, by His per- fect obedience as our Mediator, pleased the Father, John 8:29.   Enoch, by faith and uprightness in his service pleased God, Heb. 11:5: liberality in his people is well pleasing to God, 13:16. PLEASED, did please or delight, Matt. 14:6; Acts 6:6: did flatter, Gal. 1:10. PLEASED, delighted, 1 Sam. 18:20, 26. PLEASERS, those who court favour, Eph. 6:6. PLEASING, agreeable, Est. 8:5: ac- ceptable or approved, 1 John 3:22. PLEASURE, holy delight, Psal. 111:2: worldly gratification, Eccles. 2:1: animal [carnal] indulgence, 1 Tim. 5:6: authoritative desire, Ezra 5:17: settled purpose, as the decree of God, Isa. 46:10: free choice, Est. 1:8.   The pleasure of the LORD prospering "in the hand of Mes- siah," is the salvation of sinners, the fruit of his redemption, Isa. 53:10. PLEASURES, the holy and blissful satis- factions of heaven, Psal. 16:11; 36: 8: sensual gratifications, 2 Tim. 3:4; Tit. 3:3. PLEDGE, a pawn, something taken as security, Exod. 22:26; Job 34:3-9. PLEIADES, a brilliant cluster of seven stars appearing in the constellation Taurus, Job 38:31; Amos 5:8: their "sweet influences" indicate their appearance at the opening season of spring in April. PLENTEOUS, abundant, as harvest, Gen. 41:34, 47.   God is plenteous in mercy, in regard to the magnitude of guilt, and the number of objects par- doned, Psal. 103:8. PLENTEOUSNESS, abundance, Gen. 41: 53. PLENTIFULLY, abundantly, Luke 12: 16. PLENTY, abundance or fruitfulness, Gen. 41:29-31. PLOT, a mischievous device, Psal. 37:12. PLOUGH, an instrument to cut the ground in preparing it for the seed, Luke 9:62.   To "look back" from the plough would be injurious; so looking back from any undertaking indicates dislike or indecision; hence the pro- verbial expression of our Lord relating to half-hearted disciples being unfit for the kingdom of God. PLOW, to break up land with a plough, Deut. 22:10: to plot or contrive, Job 4:8. PLOWED, laboured or practised, Judg. 14:18; Hos. 10:13: tormented, Psal. 129:3. PLOWING, labouring in the field with the plough, 1 Kings 19:19. PLOWMAN, the labourer who works at the plough, Isa. 28:24. PLOWSHARE, the iron cutting part of the plough, Isa. 2:4. PLUCK, to tear or pull with force, Lev. 1:16: to demolish, Jer. 12:14. PLUCKED, did pluck or tear, Ezra 9: 3; 2 Sam. 23:21. PLUCKED, torn, Gen. 8:11; Dan. 7: 4-8. PLUMB-LINE, a builder's line with a weight upon it, used as a rule to try the exactness of his work, Amos 7:7. PLUMMET, the weight at the end of a line for discovering depths, or the perpendicularity of walls and pillars, 2 Kings 21:13; Zech. 4:10. PLUNGE, to submerse or put suddenly into water, Job 9:31.

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