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Chapter XXIII BIBLICAL LANGUAGES THE OLD TESTAMENT The Languages of the Old Testament belong to the Semitic family (from Shem, Gen. 10:22).   ... .-- .-- The Aramaic.--The word "Aramaic" is derived from Aram, one of... The Hebrew.--This language is... The Origin of the Hebrew language is... The New Hebrew (sometimes called the Assyrian Hebrew script) is known as the square, or Aramaic script.  ... The Hebrew Alphabet has 22 letters, all consonants.   Four of these, called vowel letters, were used to represent vowels.   ... The Danger of Mere Consonant Writing, we are assured, is slight: (1) ... The Arabic.--The Arabic belongs to the southern branch of Semitic languages, and is mainly the language of Northern Arabia. It is the youngest... THE NEW TESTAMENT The Language of the New Testament is Greek, which be- longs to the great Aryan, or Indo-European, or Indo-Germamic (Ja- phetic) family.   ... Divisions.--The Greek language may be classified into two divisions: ancient and modern; and the ancient into two divisions: ... The New Testament was written about 50 to 100 A. D. The New Testament Greek, then, was the spoken koinay, the common, colloquial Greek of the middle class, ...

Chapter XXIV TEXT DIVISIONS, WRITING, MATERIALS TEXT DIVISIONS The Old Testament Books.-- Sections.-- Verses.--At first... The New Testament Manuscripts were, many of them, ... Writing is the art of... Alphabets.--An Alphabet is a list of signs or symbols which represent the... The Age of Writing.--A Book is... Biblical Writing.--The Hebrew word translated... A Table is, first, a... Writing Materials included... Old Testament Materials.--There are... New Testament Materials.--(1) ... New Light.--A Codex is... Ink.--The Hebrew word for "ink" means... Instruments.--(1) ...

Chapter XXV DEFINITIONS The word genuine means... A Book or Manuscript is genuine, ... The Genuineness of the Scriptures is the right they have to be... A Book or Manuscript is authentic when it... The Authenticity of the Scriptures is the right... Genuineness deals with truth in authorship or origin; au- thenticity with truth in facts.   ... By some writers genuineness and authenticity are... A Book or Manuscript is forged or spurious when its... A Book or Manuscript is corrupt when its text... The Credibility of the Scriptures is the right they have to be believed and received because of their absolute truthfulness. The Integrity of the Scriptures deals with the fact that they have come down to us in a... IS THE BIBLE GENUINE? [Yes] In showing the genuineness and intergrity of the Scriptures, there are six well-defined steps reaching from the beginning to... These steps may be illustrated by the following diagram: [...] Further Proofs of the... Proving Authorship.--The following pointed paragraphs from... Application.--Besides... ORIGINAL MSS. A Manuscript is a... An Original Manuscript is the one first in existence; the one which came from the hand of the author; an autograph. No original manuscript of any book of the Bible now exists, ... Why did not God cause the Original Manuscripts to be pre- served?   ....   [They are in Heaven and in the mind of God.-- CHM] [The original manuscripts are in existence.--CHM   See above.] A Bible Manuscript is a copy written by hand and in the original Biblical languages, Hebrew and Greek.   There are two kinds of Bible manuscripts: uncial and minuscule. An Uncial Manuscript is a... A Minuscule Manuscript is a... A minuscule manuscript is sometimes called a cursive (running hand) manuscript.   But while some... Manuscript Copies are those manuscripts of the Hebrew and Greek Testaments which are transcribed, or copied, from the original MSS., whether... A Codex is a manuscript; ...

Chapter XXVI THE AGE, PREPARATION, AND PRESERVATION OF THE MANUSCRIPT The Old Testament.-- The New Testament.-- .-- .-- .-- .-- The O.T.-- The N.T.--

Chapter XXVII OLD TESTAMENT MANUSCRIPT COPIES The Known Manuscripts of the Old Testament are... Causes of...Copies.--(1) ... Number.--Several... .-- Papyrus Fragments.--There is a...

Chapter XXVIII NEW TESTAMENT MANUSCRIPT COPIES Number and Classification.--There are in existence a great number of New Testament manuscripts copies, more than 4000 of which have been examined and listed.   More are being found.   These are divided into... Uncial MSS.-- Number.--There are at present about 170 known uncial MSS. Eight of the... Codex .-- .-- .-- .-- .-- .-- .-- .-- .-- .-- Min. MSS.-- The Number.-- Value.--

Chapter XXIX PAPYRI, LECTIONARIES, AND INSCRIPTIONS P. Fragments are single sheets, or... P. Discoveries.--The first... .-- .-- .-- .-- .-- .-- .-- SUMMARY .-- .-- .--

Chapter XXX ANCIENT VERSIONS The Second Source of Evidence for the... A Translation is a composition which has been.... A Version is a translation of a... A Revision, or Revised Version, is a composition or... A Recension is a revision; a text which has been... A Literal Translation (according to the letter) is one which expresses, as far as possible, the exact meaning of the original words. A Paraphrase is a... An Ancient Version, in general is one which was made before the invention of printing; before 1450.   After 1450 the term .... Reasons for Versions.-- Position.--(1) As to the Old Testament, the oldest known .... (2) As to the New Testament, the last books were written.... Value.--(1) ... Classification.--Versions may be divided into... The Samaritan Race originated after... The Samaritan Religion.--When the Jews returned from ... .-- .-- .-- A Targum is a... .-- .-- .-- .-- .-- .-- .-- .-- .-- .-- .-- ... Continued GREEK VERSIONS [CT thinking] The Septuagint Version is a... Date. History.--Shortly after... The Name "Septuagint" (Latin, septuaginta, seventy) is derived from... The Story of Ari. was repeated, more or less fully, by ... .-- .-- .-- .-- .-- .-- .-- .-- .-- .-- Origen's...-- .-- .-- .-- .-- .-- .--

Chapter XXXIII ANCIENT VERSIONS OF THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS The Need.--With the spread of Christianity beyond [Jewish] Pales- tine there came the desire, and the need, for the New Testament in the languages of the people evangelized.   ... SYRIAC VERSIONS The Country.--Syria (Hebrew, Aram) was, in general, the country north of Palestine and the Arabian Desert, ... The Language of Syria belongs to... The Peshitta Version of the Old Testament.-- The Syro-Hex.ic.-- The New Testament.--The Syriac versions of the New Testament are... Tat.'s Dis..--Date, 170 A. D.   ... Its Existence.-- The Old [CT] Syriac.--Here... Comparison.--The texts of... The Peshitta.--This great standard version, ... The Phi. and Har. Syr.--In 508... The Pal. Syr.--This is [tradition, not Scripture.] LATIN VERSIONS Italy.--After Greece and Macedonia became a Roman province... Africa.--At the end of... Classes of Versions.--The Latin versions... The Old Latin.--The Old Latin version(s)... Three Groups.--... Extant Manuscripts.--Since the Old Latin was... The Old Testament.--Date about 150.   It is... The New Testament.--Date about 150.   This is... The Itala.--About...

Chapter XXXIV LATIN VERSIONS, Continued THE LATIN VULGATE The Name "Vulgate" means common or current.   It was first applied to... Date: 383-405.   ... The Need [so-called].--Dam. (366-389) the Pope, as... Jerome (Latin, name, Eus. Hie.) was... His Work as Translator.--Jerome knew... Translation from the Hebrew.-- The Apocrypha.--He did not desire to translate... The Parts of the Vulgate.--Thus... Reception.--Since... Final Tri.-- Subsequent History.-- The Printed Vulgate.--The invention of... The Cle. Vulgate.-- Pro.ant Sch.s have been... Importance.--Although... Value.--In the light of...

Chapter XXXV OTHER ANCIENT VERSIONS OF BOTH TESTAMENTS There are several other prominent ancient versions of both Testaments, which might be considered minor versions; yet they are of... [Professing] Christianity in Egypt.--Egypt continued under Greek rule (see 413) until 30 B. C., when it was conquered by the Romans and became a Roman province.   ... The Language.--In the 1st Christian century and beyond, the language in Alexandria, the Greek colonies near, and even among the adjacent Egyptians, was largely Greek; hence no special transla- tion of the Scriptures would be needed.   During the 2nd century... The Coptic Church was... Ancient Coptic Versions.--Of... Recent Discoveries.--Some... Ethiopia was... The Ethiopic Version.--Date, 4th century (around 350).   ... The Goths were an ancient Teutonic race... The Gothic Version.--Date, about 350.   ... Armenia, in Asia, was... The Armenian Version.--Date, about 400. Ancient Georgia, or Iberia, was... The Georgian Version.-- Arabia was a... The Arabic Versions.-- The Slavs formed... The Slavic Versions.--

Chapter XXXVI QUOTATIONS FROM THE FATHERS The Third Source of Evidence for the Biblical text, the Quotations from... The "Fathers" were... These Fathers were... Time.--For convenience, we divide... Language.--As to language, ... 3 classes: Syriac, in the East. Greek, largely in the East. Latin, in the West. The Chiefs.--A few of... Quotations.--The quantity of the writings of... Position.--It is... Importance.--The writings of... Conclusion.--From this great mass of... Brief reference has been made to some of... APO.IC FATHERS Clement? of Rome (30-100).-- The Epistle of Cle.-- Ignatius (about 30-107 or 116).   Little is known of the life of this.... Polycarp (69-155).   This.... Writings.-- Justin Martyr? (100-165).--Justin, .... Writings.-- Irenaeus? (about 120-192).--Not much is known of.... Writings.-- Clement of Alexandria (150-217).-- Writings.-- Tertullian (150-220).--[ok] Writings.-- Cyprian (200-258).--This great North African lawyer, .... Writings.-- Origen (185-254).--[heretick] Writings.-- Nic. and Post-Nic. fathers of the Fourth Century.-- Eusebius? (270-340), born in.... Athanasius? (296-373) is called "the Great," and so.... Cyril? of Jerusalem (315-386), .... Basil? the Great (329-379) was born at.... John Chrysostom? (347-407), .... Jerome (340-420).   See 455- 457, 460, 462 for his life and works. Augustine (354-430) [heretick] was born at.... Writings.--

Chapter XXXVII SECURING THE TRUE TEXT THE MATTER OF TEXTUAL CRI.ISM Number of Manuscripts.--(1) Old Testament.   The number of Hebrew manuscripts containing the.... Manuscript Evidence.-- Var. Readings.-- Why Var. Readings.-- Variant Readings Lar. Uni.--Dr. Ezr. Ab- bot, "the foremost [liberal] scholar in America," and a.... The Work of the Text. Critic.--The two methods of.... Evidences.--The 2 kinds of.... The Err.s of the Copyist are.... Unint.al Err.s.--It is.... Int.al Err.s.--These.... By far the.... Intrinsic Evidence goes back of the.... The Value of Intrinsic Evidence.-- External Evidence comes from.... The Use of External Evidence.-- Principles of Textual Cri.ism.--In the...

Chapter XXXVIII HISTORY OF TEXTUAL CRITICISM The Original Autographs.--These were made in the 1st century, and were sent around to the various churches and persons for whom they were intended; they would consider these letters and documents as.... Autograph Copies.--Copies of these precious letters and documents would be desired, and would be made.   These could be made in.... Further Copyings.--During the next 200 years or so (100- 325), to the period of the.... The Middle Period.--From 325 to the appearance of the 1st printed Greek.... The Printed Greek Testament Period, from 1516 to 1633, the 2nd Elzevir edition.   .... Textual Criticism.   Collecting Materials.--This period ex- tends from 1633 to 1831, and includes 12...names, from B. Walton, his London Polyglot (1657) [TR+ & codex A]. J. Fell (1675) [TR+]. J. Mill (1707) [TR+ & CT]. R. Bentley. J. A. Bengel (1734) [mainly TR]. J. J. Wettstein 1751-52 [used TR]. J. S. Semler (1764). J. J. Griesbach 1805 [CT]. C. F. Matthaei 1782-88. F. K. Alter, a Jesuit. A. Birch (1788-1801) [published TR]. J. M. A. Scholz, a RC Dean. Const. Criticism.--This period of 50 years extends from 1831 to 1881, and includes such names as Lac., Tis., Tre., Alf., F. H. A. Scrivener [TR], and Westcott and Hort. From 1881 to the Present Time.-- A Cae.ean Family.--Following the publication of the Westcott-Hort text in 1881, a small group of....

Chapter XXXIX PRINTED COPIES By Printed Copies, or Printed Copies of the Original Text, is meant the printed editions of the Bible in the original languages; the Hebrew Old Testament and the Greek New Testament.   These editions began to appear soon after the "invention" of printing (1450); before this date everything was written, copied by hand.   They extend from 1477 to [1894]. The Old Testament.-- The New Testament.--1. (See 544).   ...Erasmus, the great Dutch scholar and theologian, who spent much time and did much in England, at the request of Froben, the Basle printer, gave to the world the 1st printed edition of the Greek New Testament (1516). Other editions, with corrections and additions, followed (1519, 22, 27, 35).   Robert Stephanus (Stephens), of Paris, produced 4 editions (1546, 49, 50, 51), of which the 3rd (1550) is substantially the Textus Receptus from which our Authorized Version was translated.   The French scholar Beza published 9 editions (1565-1604), 4 in folio (1565, 82, 88, 98), and 5 in octavo (1565, 67, 80, 91, 1604).   The Elzevir Brothers of Leyden and Amsterdam published 7 editions (1624-78), which were popular and widely used.   ....   Scrivener, in the Cambridge Greek Testament (1881 and 4), gives the Textus Re- ceptus, with the Revised readings at the foot of the page; he also edited a Greek Testament with a critical apparatus showing the read- ings of Tis., Tre., W&H, and the Revised Version. Summary.--These facts may be summed up thus: ...

Chapter XL MODERN VERSIONS IN FOREIGN LANGUAGES This Topic is not... Latin.--1. Roman Cat.ic. (1) Erasmus (1466-1536)... 2. Protestant. (1) Mün. ... (2) Leo Judah. (3) Beza. (4) Tremellius & Junius. (5) others. German.--The French.--Several Dutch, or Hollandish.-- Italian.-- Spanish.-- Portuguese.-- Danish.-- Norwegian.-- Swedish.-- Icelandic.-- Hungarian.-- Bohemian.-- Polish.-- Russian.-- Modern Greek.-- Many other European and Asiatic languages and my. translations might be mentioned.   Up to the present time (2021) the Bible in whole or in part has been printed in [many] languages and dialects.   Of these, the whole Bible has been prnted in....

Chapter XLI EARLY ENGLISH MANUSCRIPTS Nations and Languages.--From the three sons of Noah came the three great families of nations and languages: the Semitic, .... The Teutonic, or Germanic, peoples are divided into three classes: (1) .... Growth of the English Language.-- Christianity was...thru Patrick, .... English Language Periods. PARTIAL VERSIONS.   OLD ENGLISH Early Translators.--These 10... Caedmon (died 680).   He was a servant, ... Aldhelm (640-709), bishop of... Egbert, bishop of... Bede, or Beda, or Baeda (674-735), often called Alfred (king of England 871-901). Aldred (about 950). Aelfric (about 1000), PARTIAL VERSIONS.   MIDDLE ENGLISH The Norman Conquest (1066).-- Anglo-Norman-French.-- Orm (1215). Shoreham (1320). Rolle (1340).

Chapter XLII WYCLIFFE'S VERSION Date.--nt, 1380; ot, 1382; re- vised by John Purvey, 1388. The Translation.--Wycliffe's version is the 1st complete translation of...into the English language.   It is... The Language.--The language is still Middle English, and English mixed with Norman-French, which was not so much Teu- tonic as Latin.   ... The Translator.--John Wycliffe (or John de Wicliffe, or Scholasticism.-- Humanism was the study of... The Morning Star of the Reformation.-- Theology.--From 1378, or... His Writings.-- His Version.-- The Lollards.-- Death.--On December 28, 1384, while... Influence.-- Printed Copies.--

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